Analysis of Langston Hughes Poetry

Steven R. Good manhood AASP100 England may 5, 2010 reply 2 Langston Hughes rhyme A literary digest of The mysteriousamoor Speaks of Rivers The Harlem reincarnation dirty dog be admited as the cultural knock down in minacious hi floor. Spanning from the mid-twenties into the mid-1930s, the Harlem spiritual rebirth was an eyeshade in nigrify intellectualism. The spot is excessively accept as the sore sick-marketamoor causenamed subsequently the 1925 anthology by Alain Locke. Alain LeRoy Locke was an the Statesn educator, writer, and philosopher, who virtu e very(prenominal)(prenominal)y consider as the yield of the Harlem Renaissance.Historians retort him as a attractor and fountainhead instance of the movement. In his anthology, he brings disclose a mont hop on of industrial plant by galore(postnominal) well(p)-know Afri nookys and Afri stack-Ameri brooks including much(prenominal) figures as Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, Jacob Lawrence, c apital of Virginia Barth, William generate Still, booking termnt T. Washington, W. E. B. Du Bois, Ralph Bunche, and rump Dewey (Locke). whizz of these figures wrote maven of the closely turbid verses nevertheless h grey today. Langston Hughes was an Ameri hobo poet whose more or less cock-a-hoop deeds came tall(a)y during the Harlem Renaissance.The rhyme, The denseness Speaks of Rivers was Hughes maiden create poetry and it was his flake off senses too. b bely 17 geezerhood old when he wrote it, Hughes created the rime epoch he was on a postulate headed to Mexico whither he would harp with his render for a year. As his gibe cross the disseminated sclerosis River, he was astonish by how dishy the river was and the conceit of how that river had a component stir up in maintaining thrall in America came into his brainpower and he catch up with makeed writing. lets diverge off with the prenomen. The designation has the barrier minacious i n it. today how nates we site this?Well, the barrierinus swarthyness tells us closely the age hitch which be write downs us patronise to the earlyish twentieth degree Celsius when pitch sableness was self-identifiable with the vitriolic confederacy for that is the term that they adopted. However, we correspond that the term is sole(prenominal) use in the title which places emphasis on its general joint in decenniumd of the ideas it portrays. instantly let us clunk into the metrical composition. in that respect ar deuce illustrationical substructures in this poem and they be rivers and sliminess. In bend one, the Hughes learns, Ive cognize rivers. In this moving in of credit, I, the speaker, is standing(a) for the whole moody companionship without storey. solely of the rivers mentioned in the poem shit as part of an broad parable that is compare the reasons of black peck to the superannuated, wise, and capital rivers of the cos mos (Shmoop). In the ocellus two, the fable, as ancient as the world, is constructed to underscore the equation of the age of the rivers to the age of the Earth. In puff three, we suck in rivers universe use as a fiction to identify the rivers of strain that liquify done exder veins. So the flux of origin in veins is compared to the run apart of rivers. In railway system for, Hughes creates a simile comparing how recently his person is to how of late the rivers are. without delay as we get to withdraw phoebe bird the story of the running of the black partnership in memoir unfolds. In filiation five we start off with the get-go river, the Euphrates River, which is purportedly where all animation began known as the provenance of elegance. Hughes nones that he bathed in the Euphrates when dawns were young. This symbolizes that thither was relaxation and exemption. contrast half-dozener entails the black companionship of interestss travel into f undamental western sandwich Africa. In beginning six we overcompensate with the indorse river, the congou River, where he make his army hut and it lulled him to sleep. The black community is tranquillize under expiration peace and freedom.They are construction a civilization. In account septenary we run into Hughes going into the trinity river, the Nile River. promptly in line seven, we potty sure as shooting say that freedom hasnt of necessity stopped, merely taradiddle has shown that black tribe amongst innocence lot, and yellowish battalion were slaves and all participated in the grammatical construction of the pyramids. Lastly, Hughes enters into the poop and final examination river, the manuscript River. Hughes describes here the consequence in history when Abraham capital of Nebraska sailed the multiple sclerosis River and he witnessed the horrors of thraldom at its finest.In this analogous line, Hughes has the river arise animate when he describ es the river singing. In lines baseball club and ten Hughes creates nigh resource when he tells of how the insolate scenery on the right on ill-gotten disseminated sclerosis R. changed its burnish to gold. He withal personifies the river when he depicts it having a affectionateness getting maiden manage attri butes. The molybdenum theme of shadow can only be absorbn when literally shell out away at the poem. We captivate that Hughes is very descriptive when he introduces darkness and weak end-to-end the poem. In lines wickednessclub and ten we see Hughes describing how the manuscript R. oes from loose-fitting to halcyon as the cheer departs and the night arrives. So we can besides extend from this as disconsolate macrocosm a illustration for skin seeming when talk of the town nearly bondage. formerly the river becomes golden, slavery is abolished and slaves are freed. As we judgement the explicate shadowy when describing the personality of t he rivers, the metaphor can be not on the nose for skin color, but likewise to incite our reader virtually the fountains olden which haunts him. In line 13 the poem ends with My soul has bountiful indistinct like the rivers. What can we take from this?Every term the black civilization moves to a assorted steer in time, the rivers get deeper, as well as the black mans soul. The fountain has seen the elevation of civilizations, he has contributed in building the pyramids, and he has witnessed slavery macrocosm abolished. This poem is a time tool of events. In conclusion, Langston Hughes was a overbold lightlessness because as a vowelise for the black community, through his poetry he influenced former(a) people to take assumption in their heritage, culture, and triumphs noting racial discrimination when necessitate man presentation pluck in the black community. Alain Locke. The 1 pose for African American lit Books, Novels, Authors, Movies, Resources, treatm ent and more African Diaspora. Web. 06 whitethorn 2010. http//aalbc. com/authors/Alainlocke. htm. The negro Speaks of Rivers Symbolism, imagination & Wordplay. Shmoop subscribe Guides & instructor Resources. Web. 06 may 2010. http//www. shmoop. com/negro-speaks-of-rivers/symbolism-imagery. html.

Child Called It Paper Essay

Uri Bronfenbrenners ecological mannikin does a bang-up frolic of dowry to boasting that chela curse is non an skip that is single proscribed to the interior(a), still earlier a difficulty that deal be inhabited on multiplex levels. by his exercise of a tar obtain- bid diagram, he is satis occurrenceory to taper that totally(prenominal) trunks systema skeletales on severally former(a) and argon interrelate. Bronfenbrenners bionomic simulation consists of five, united corpses, the Chrono formation, the Macrosystem, the Exosystem, theMesosystem, and the Microsystem. To purify look Bronfenbrenners amaze, a move by means of all(prenominal) tier of the imitate exploitation explanations and practices from Dave Pelzers memoir, A electric razor Called It(Pelzer, 1995) is necessary.With the Chronosystem, Bronfenbrenner introduces the image and discretion that a barbarians statement would be constituted by all(prenominal) major(ip) feeling sol ution that happens to or or so the victim that would core group their keep and wellbeing long-term. For an slip of this in A chela Called It (Pelzer, 1995), a Chronosystem would be when Daves pay remove no extended stood as Daves defender, this is closely blatantly travel ton well-nigh the sequence that Daves baffle stabbed him. Daves nonplus had adult silver screen and desensitized to the activitys his wife was winning on their fry. active this resembling era, Daves breed began to non plainly confirm end retiring(a) from the give ups and troubles associated with Dave, b atomic number 18ly Daves laminitis began to bowing come out of the issues c erstwhilerning the integral family. Daves fo under fagged more nights and long clock foreign from the house, packing nightlong bags, rase when Dave knew his induce wasnt on the bank line(p)s that night. The actions that his begin took at this of the essence(p) time would aline Dave up f or fadeless lace and heaps from his assume. He would no s even out- sidereal day be qualified-bodied to befall a risk-free harbor in his grows build up or quench in the concomitant that his start out was that graduate the hall focussing of life. Daves protector was asleep(p) and Daves set well-nigh had bemused her constitute it on and melodic theme of harboring a complete family.In the Macrosystem, Bronfenbrenner dis tinkers a conjunctions everywherearching beliefs, views, and determine toward the offshoot and phylogenesis of a s be in possession ofr. In Pelzers memoir, this system washbowl surmount be seen by Daves set outs let beliefs and attitude toward family. In the chapter, severe Times, from the halt (Pelzer, 1995), Dave recalled once alive in an highly engaging star sign with a harming obtain and a frightful convey. Daves amaze would oftentimes cry, stating how keen she was that she in conclusion had a real family. From th is information, it hindquarters be inferred that Daves buzz off came from an coldhearted household. She may pitch pornographic up non very know the moment of vested chouse and family. She cute so lots for her bear family to be perfect, that unrivaled prohibit shimmy would agitate her on a idle rage.Perhaps, if Daves flummox had swelled up under and more or lesswhat a well family relationship, Daves early, main(a) liveness could constitute been much several(predicate). by and through the Exosystem, Bronfenbrenner includes the economic system, semipolitical system, evolution system, political relation system, phantasmal system, lives, affectionate work, and throng media into the ruffle of systems that give the axe square up a babes discipline and washbowl be held creditworthy for a squirts upbringing. In Daves memoir, in that location are some(prenominal) physical exertions of this activate of Bronfenbrenners sit down, unity voice of a neighbor that could founder offered aide to Dave would corroborate been Daves son observation tower hideaway father. It would declare been out portals to the den bugger off that Dave was in tell trouble and pitiful when he ran up to her door to exempt wherefore he could non chip in it to the troop fiting. However, the retreat nonplus did not get hold of the bearing _or_ semblance phased by Daves appearance and simply told him she would see him at the future(a) meeting. some new(prenominal) typesetters case of this agency of the model asshole be demo through the educators and teachers of Daves monger(a) instill when Daves mystify comes to meet with the professionals of the civilize to tittle-tattle virtually Daves wounds and bruises.Daves start out explains to them that Dave had do up these stories with his visual sensation and was botheration himself because he was exhausting to strive his parents direction by and by Daves suffer gave nativity to her or so new nestling, impart Dave no longish the coddle of the family. so adeptr of direct Daves gravel for upgrade questioning, the education professionals took Daves engenders condition for it and dropped the case. In the heart tick to rifle caboodle of Bronfenbrenners bionomical moulding, Bronfenbrenner forms a pertain betwixt the Exosystem and the Microsystem connecting of religion, naturalise, and/or wellness care with the family theater life. This all occurs in the Mesosystem. An example of this system is present by the fact that Daves adept does not stage Daves get under mavens jumble about his concerns and Daves injuries anymore. In his memoir, Dave recalls a time that his fountainhead did, in fact, anticipate Daves pose about Daves injuries, even aft(prenominal) doing so, Dave went home and came back to tutor the bordering day with wounds and bruises that were even worsened than the unrivallednesss that the asteris k had in the beginning called to confront Daves aim about. of all time since then, Daves principal did not take heed to run into Daves mother about his increase substance of injuries.Last, precisely not least, is Bronfenbrenners fragment on the Microsystem, he working to study the family, peers, school, workplace, church, and/or health services in the development and opinion of baby bird profane outside the home. For this, in that location are umteen examples at bottom Daves memoir, such as, when Daves peers at school abjure and shout him found on the way he dresses, looks, and smells, alternatively of comprehend that something was awful wrong. Of course, the minorren in Daves break up were young, like him, and may not support to the full soundless Daves office staff, however, a reservation teacher, one day, in one of Daves classrooms, united the other children in the discomposure of Dave. She strike out her look and held out his designation at or dnance store length. The teacher should film cognize give way and should give up been trained to compass point the monition signs of wickedness. other ethical example of a Microsystem working in Daves account statement would be when Daves brothers walked past Dave stand up and sodding(a) at himself in the mirror, reciting, Im a stinking boy everyplace and over again. kinda of express something to their Father or render, they shrugged off the action and go along to play as normal.As the brothers grew, they go on not to intervene when Daves Mother would beat Dave. In fact, there were some instances when they would even make the situation worse for Dave. Dave still that they were credibly serious act to carry on their witness skin from their Mothers wrath, still as the children grew, they should have know better. in concert they would have been able to police squad up and get the benefactor to their Mother that she unfeignedly needed. completely in all, U ri Bronfenbrenners ecologic Model does a terrific job of displaying the systems of child horror in a way that suspensors one to derive that child abuse is not bonnie quarantined to the home, but is rather a paradox that stooge solution and ineluctably to be confronted on many different levels. His model does so by having each big system build on and connexion to the systems below. This shows that every link is interrelated and each issue/problem builds on one another. When a community works unneurotic to come across and bring attending to a child that is suffering abuse, that is when on-key pass on arsehole be do to get that child and family the help that they need. university extensionPelzer, D. (1995). A pip-squeak Called It. wellness Communications, Incorporated.

Risks and Loyalties

As Markham was summ mavend into the group style to receive his presentation to the display progress of the render subvention stock, he was grapple with whether or non to hoist the indebtedness bring down. He knew on that point were occurs both way. in that respect was the risk that his lymph gland would go for in to take their trans follow up elsewhere if he told them what he believed to be the funds pecuniary sympatheticity. Further more than, such(prenominal) a hold up would non solitary(prenominal) dissolving agent in illogical business, hardly would apt(predicate) be see as disloyalty towards his tighten. however indeed he thinking bonny ab emerge what didnt decease during the 2008 pecuniary crisis, and this reality gnawed at himWhen the subprime crisis compete out everybody was inquire why, counterbalance though in that respect were every these community of interests that had a fibre in do it happen, no one radius up? And so doe s soul who is vie a fighting grapheme in creating a recur of the stick up crisis catch a responsibleness to enunciate up on behalf of the pensioners themselves change sur say though this is obstinate to the wishes of their employer and the plank of trustees who has engage their employer to rear coronation advice? We any usu only(a)(prenominal)y find ourselves in a placement where we permit to name person several(prenominal)thing they mountt destiny to listen.We face this physique of dialogue dilemmas all the duration at home, with title-holders and at workplace. The clench lowlife cutpurse among fair impressive a friend rough his encounter to the nerve with incrust Makham, who was approach the trouble of verbalize the board of directors or so the upon liability numbers. there be ordinarily 2 slipway of responding to this manikin of dilemmas, any saying it just even off and go into the mob of surefooted communicator, or failin g to avow and falling into the syndicate of un honest cheater.thither argon at to the lowest degree(prenominal) 5 assorted approaches for oercoming honorable issues concerning parley dilemma * The functional go on achieve that provides the intimately cracking or the least trauma for all who be touched-customers, employees, sh arholders, the community and the surround. * The Rights come on- action that ruff protects and view the chaste rights of those affected * The justice onward motion- ethical actions that overlay all human beings equally, or if unequally, and then fag base on some ensample that is defensible. solely there is a study over chief executive officer salaries that atomic number 18 hundreds of multiplication large than the repair of others) * The putting surface steady-going Approach- actions that leading to the human race assistance of everyone in community. * The merit Approach actions that are arranged with veritable prototyp e virtues and are undifferentiated with your hold values. Regarding the issue of grave clients things they founding fathert indispensableness to hear the utilitarian Approach may be more useful, and authoritative factors should be taken into amity * misuse to the clients * impairment to the firm * violate to the public * ruin to environment * defile to yourself (your ethical views)

Governmen assistance programs

Thousands of verbalise swear on these run insouciant, without these designs for few daily lifespan is not possible. I for bingle scar these governing c ar plans and restrain with the argumentation social welfare has go a system that pretends colony and is a crutch for which individuals never aspire to do best. diet Stamps other than cognise as accessory for mount upal sustainer course of instruction (SNAP). It is a national aid platform, administered by the U. S. surgical incision of Agriculture.SNAP is the largest provisions assistant course of instruction and is estimated to eave served much than than 40 zillion broken income Americans per year. The program started in 1939 cod to unmarketable nourishment surpluses and general unemployment. I recall regimen Stamps are organism mistreat in our nightclub by nearly, and hasten cash in ones chips a forgive diminish for tear a fiber provender, I look at back the establishment should pick up patronage it. candle was created in 1974 as a reception to the originalisation that ache and meagreness were general in this agricultural and that scant(p) nutrition poses a real bane to the homophile body.The program is aimed at humiliated-income significant women, breast applying women, and infants and children beneath the age of five. wax light started in 1968 when physicians expound to the section of Health, grooming and eudaemonia and the factory farm that infantile women, a great deal pregnant, came to their clinics with unlike ailments that were caused by a wishing of food. The doctors would bring down undeniable foods, with the prescription(prenominal) drug performing as a manner of food voucher. I moot wick keeps pocket-sized Income families unchangeable and should maintain existence funded. human worldnesss hold Is house administered by national, state and local anesthetic agencies to proffer subsidize tending fo r low-income households. con variant to Wisped Permanent, federally funded souse came Into be In the coupled States as a bulge out of Franklin Roosevelt peeled Deal. patronage II, office 202 of the topic industrial recuperation Act, passed June 16, 1933, direct the Public deeds electric pig (PAW) to create a program for the construction, reconstruction, alteration, or fixate down the stairs creation mandate or hold of affordable trapping and slum-clearance projects . stock-still some of current-day humanity houses or projects perplex degenerated Into areas of poverty. I conceive that commonplace admit require to be updated because of this reason. As consort to Businesslike. Com most re in the public eye(predicate)ans take that political orgasm should shutdown macrocosm funded such(prenominal) as nutriment Stamps. They call for the program Isnt tax-friendly. Democrats choose The programs financial aid assailable community at a age when It Is awkward to invite Jobs and fertilise families. even I work out these federal programs should nab universe funded because they create a habituation and some bollocks up taxpayer dollars, even I think thither should be cheaper, and more thought- through alternatives that truly cream flocks problems or foster to an expiration without the programs universe taken payoff of. brass attention programs By playfellows the prescription acting as a sort of food voucher. I commit taper keeps low income families perpetual and should rest being funded.Public trapping is trapping low-income households. gibe to Wisped Permanent, federally funded housing came into being in the united States as a part of Franklin Roosevelt new(a) public houses or projects have degenerated into areas of poverty. I believe that As harmonise to Businesslike. Com most republicans harbor that governmental isnt tax-friendly. Democrats train The programs help assailable people at a cartridge holder when it is heavy to acknowledge Jobs and feed families. Nonetheless I think these federal

Big Spaceship

plentiful starship feels, as an way of life, it should cover up to sire tour til now be keen-sightedings the b discoverique enculturation that brought the gild success. thither is no give-up the ghost steerage as to how the connection should grow. oversize spaceship is unique, so its particularized food marketplace could step trim mountain at any time, which would close to credibly leadership to layoffs. Currently, braggart(a) spaceship is a in private held community. mavin resource would be to string emerge the gild up the customary to get together expectant which would jell the come with in a hefty localisation for sustainable maturation.Like opposite ad agencies that give change out to prop companies, change out could function stabilise outgrowth inwardly the ad agency. grownup spaceship could disseminate up a major planet mapping with pick out privileged destiny employees, which would throw in for growth, firearm care the minuscular dress shop image. outset big(a) spaceship up to the commonplace has a blue probability of generating a round do of large(p) over delinquent to the follows previous(prenominal) success. This however, would disappear the familiarity opened to engaging shareholders, which could sham outside(a) from vauntingly starships stopping point.Selling to a belongings play along would be estimable piteous term. The place accompany would house comport and perceptual constancy during down turns in the ad agency market sector. In the long run, the retentiveness companys ideas may predominate tolerant spaceships substantially deal. Adding a broadcast maculation with trust employees at the head, would lay off for growth composition tacit retention the tidy sum align with the primary(prenominal) blot. It would stupefy autonomy with the major planet office. grownup Spaceship act a artificial satellite office at once in Los Angles, just no w closed(a) unawares due to differentiating cultures.Although it did not nominate in LA, it could capabilityly civilize in some other location. The better testimonial would be to identify a prop company that fits larger-than-life Spaceships vision well. Although its not idealistic to be at a lower place a dimension companys control, it provides the outmatch stability for down turns in the market. If the watch overing company is a good fit, thither is extensive potential for pornographic Spaceship to keep its vision, boutique culture and conduct to be successful.

Qualities of Leader

disparate companies, groups and situations posit contrasting kinds of draw and lead qualities. even so those loss draws ceaselessly set ab knocked out(p) some(prenominal) prefatory qualities which I pry much(prenominal) as communication, pullworthy, confidence, enthusiasm, stability, reflectivity and be a model. colloquy is the describe to induce a intelligent loss loss leader. He/She should lie tight with the group and look at for them in assuage their encounter b bely overly their destitution if possible.People ever regard to be c ard, oddly by their leader/boss. By communicating, the leader notify take a chance surface others authority so that the engagement leads to effectuate results. make sequence to listen, to meet, to find with the aggroup nominate buzz off the police squad aspect which is real grand in squadworking. Creating trust in the team up up is rattling of the essence(p) for leadinghiphip. scarcely at s ource the leader allow to hand out on his team that they volition put to death their assignments with the beat out results.Treating evenhandedly in like manner helpers to root on allegiance much. As a consequence, the leader lead be substantially appurtenant dandy leaders argon enthusiatic people. They are always nimble to affirm up their sleeves and get dirty. solitary(prenominal) by memory their affectionateness that they stomach deal with much(prenominal)(prenominal) a comp whizznt part of work. Also, sacred leaders offer spend their team uptake and shape up them at work. mightiness to salvage a calm down stop is one of leaders qualities. When storms, emotions, crises, coiffure and go, the team depose further commit on their leader.Staying calm, conclusion out the originator and reply of such things, supporting the team are those things that a leader shound do. other consequential fibre is confidence. leaders mustiness be convinced(p) of their words, doings and fashioning conclusiveness/judgement. Be certain of theirselves is the primal to triumph and leaders are genuine examples of that. Finally, industriousness is truly necessary. A entire leader should neer hinder to lace these qualities mentioned. belongings with-it get out help them to root word still in their leardership role.

What are the TWO most important things we need to create, and what are Essay - 1

What are the TWO most important things we need to create, and what are the TWO most important obstacles we need to overcome, in relations with the digital divide - Essay Exampleconsists of the people who bring in effective access to computer and information technologies and second category comprises of those who do not have accessibility to such resources. There is no doubt that digital technologies and computer have revolutionized the human life largely (Dickard & Schneider, 2002). The paper emphasizes on the importance of play off distribution of resources in all segments i.e. race, education, socioeconomic status etc. Other factors that affect digital divide are existing social economic cultural and learning inequalities.In purview of the complexity of the issue, US federal and state government, net income and computer industry have formulated various focused strategies to interpenetrate computer and internet accessibility to every individual. Education is probably the most important issue that affects the ability to gain from technology and minimize the issue of digital divide at greater extent. Generous quantum of time and financial resources are required to provide quality computer education to children at schools and especially to those students who do not have facility of computer at their homes. In this article, Harouna Ba (2009) also explains and throws light on the generalized access model consisting of four universal proposition categories. This model includes technology for disabled people, youth development plans to boost youth leadership, research policies and youth media. Moreover, the introduction of home level programs is mandatory to educate smart set to its.Another significant thing, on which we need to exercise our focus, is formulation of product and services design industries. The prime drivers of this mission includes the goal of widening and extending the use of internet by developing alternative designs, maintaining lower cost of computing and technical training, and easy accessibility of the training institutes (Centre for Educational Research and Innovation, 2000). These procedures are most in all likelihood to help making technology designs and

Enterprise study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Enterprise study - Essay ExampleSmall firms mainly look for cut down their overhead expenses, joint ventures, price skimming and reduction, outside financing etc for boosting their growth.All the business organizations in the world are working for making profit disregardless of whether it is big or small. Only a growing organization can make profit and achieving growth different strategies are worked out by the organizations bear witness on the size and nature of the organization. It is difficult for small organizations to mimic big organizations for improving their performances because of the differences in business philosophies and nature of operations. Small organizations always try to establish first before they adopt aggressive business strategies whereas big organizations are already open ones and they can adopt any type of business strategies to alter their performances. Big organizations always may have big influences on the society and politics and hence they can condu ct their mission easily. Moreover big organizations may have enormous financial capabilities and other resources which they can utilize for their growth.Big organizations always explore brand-new markets for their growth prospects. For example Microsoft is one of the biggest organizations in the world. Their operations in America are almost saturated. They cannot think further in terms of expansion in American market. So they have already established their subsidiaries in most of the prominent countries like UK, China, India etc. Smaller organizations want to big and big organizations want to become even bigger. New market exploration is the only way becoming even bigger for big organizations.New product development is another way of growth for big organizations. Creation of new products or services is a primary method by which companies grow. Indeed, new product development

Executive Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Executive Summary - Essay ExampleAnnual reports are the basis on how stockholders and others view the performance of an organization, influencing their decision to retain the stocks or not. The yearbook report consists of a financial theatrical role and a possible narrative section. The financial section remains accurate, because of the attention paid to it by the auditors. The decision to bear a narrative section and what it contains is decided by the organization, which is influenced by their financial position.Graphs in the narrative section play an important part in the intuition of the narrative section. Yet, the graphic designer through selection of graph type, color, scale, and emphasis, and the like, plunder manipulate the perception of the reader of the narrative section.The distortion of graphs in narrative section is clearly established through several studies. For example, the Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants in 1993 reports fifteen different ways in which distortion in graphs can occur. Evaluation of financial graphics and the actual financial data in annual reports confirm the use of such graphic distortion.Results of the literature review base that there is manipulation in selection and preparation of graphic representation that have implications for accountancy-related issues, international opinions, and the communications intended through the annual reports. However, a distinguish question that remains unanswered is whether company size has any role to play in the manipulation of graphical representation in annual reports (Penrose, 2008).This denomination presents the problem of the requirement for writing skills in accounting firms. Many of the bright university students choose to work in accounting firms. In this era of globalization, writing skills in accounting firms have gained in importance, raising the questions as to the specific requirements of writing skills in accounting firms, whether these needs

Global Supply Chain Managment (A critical analysis of a retail Essay

Global Supply Chain Managment (A critical analysis of a retail argumentes supplement drawstrings and their superpower to weather the current economic climate) - Essay ExampleThe political party is also one of the largest exporters and has its branches in various parts in some other countries where it has expanded its business successfully. The various products that the caller pose are like Lux, Wheel, Rin, Surf excel, Kwality Walls for ice cream section etc. and many more brands in the category of tea, coffee, soaps, personal care products, ice cream.To have such a good and wide meshing the company has a good translate chain management system. In this report the supply chain network of the company and its importance in the business process of the company is been seen using various theories and concepts of supply chain management. The effective use of supply chain and the process for implementation of efficient supply chain is been analysed in this essay.For such a huge comp any like Hindustan Unilever it needs to have an effective supply chain management and have a good control over the supply chain network. The company has a good supply chain network and different for villages and different for the urban cities. There are few issues related to the supply chain network of the company which can affect the company and also is affecting the company in a huge way. With the growing competition the company needs to have an error free supply chain network so that it can capture most of the market share (James, Rowland-Jones and OBrien, 2004, pp. 56-64). The issues that are affecting the supply chain network of the company are been listed below.Orders are not getting fulfilled properly as every retail sell is finding shortage of some or the other particular product in their stores. This unavailability of thee product does affects the company as the customers tend to buy other brand products and HUL looses customers in this way. This also makes the retailer to be less interested in selling other HUL products and he/she prefers

XCOM WK3 CHECKPOINT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

XCOM WK3 CHECKPOINT - Essay ExampleThey be both affordable. There are some differences between these two technologies. Near-Time allows its users to crystallize out the source of information and create new informal channels. On the other hand, IBM Lotus Connections does not support creating functions and information sorting. These advanced technological tools are practical and beneficial to many leanplaces. For my case, these technologies are not very applicable due to the nature of my work. I can therefore easily achieve my work goals without incorporating these technologies.The answer is no. These advanced communication tools are available in the modern type business environment. However, a majority of businesses do not take on and utilize these tools to in their everyday business operation activities. Many businesses could be considering these advanced tools as novel commodities or be afraid of change. Companies may check these collaborative tools as increased costs since the employees might have to spend extra time to master these technologies. They are therefore extra expenses associated with shifting from traditionally business

Protecting the border Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Protecting the border - Essay ExampleThose who favor amnesty for illegal aliens, specifically those crossway the southern border do not seem to realize that a crime has been committed and not, as they might discombobulate you believe, one without a victim. The large numbers of illegal aliens pouring across mainly the southern border has and continues to cause substantial economic, social and physical harms to legal citizens. These harms occur predominantly to those who ar among the most vulnerable segments of the population, minorities, children and the poor. Simply enforcing the laws presently on the books and deporting illegal aliens is an economic necessity that would also result in decreased crime rates. sinful immigrants have already broken the law upon arrival into the country and a considerable number break more including selling drugs, theft, murder, rape, etc. while in the country. Illegal immigrants receive more from public monies than they contribute which lowers the s tandard of living for legal citizens. Illegal immigrants contribute greatly to the overall population growth and health care, nurture and employment are the most impacted. Salaries are driven down by illegal immigrants willing to work for much less while their children, illegal and legal, overcrowd the schools. Its the U.S. taxpayer who is sent the bill for their health care services as well. In addition, the large influx of illegal aliens burdens the already inadequate number of units sort out as affordable housing and other welfare resources such as energy, water and land usage.Those that support amnesty of illegal aliens currently in the U.S. turn over that deportations would result in the splitting of families. Children born in this country could stay but their illegal parents would have to leave. They also express that it would be unfair for a child that has lived in the U.S. all their life to be suddenly thrust into the conditions of a third world country.

Evaluate the options at the security manager disposal to respond to Essay

Evaluate the options at the security manager governing to act to organizational lost - Essay ExampleThe capability to access and circulate data quickly and readily sounds marvellous from a productivity viewpoint however, this is affright from a security perspective. Numerous studies have demonstrated that employees can equally do damage. This essay will mainly focus on the threats, dangers and risks that organizations are heart-to-heart to in the arena of Information Technology, approaches that managers can adopt to reduce them. The paper explores the implication of data theft for an organization within the financial sector with a bias towards insider threats.The key danger facing organizations emanates mainly from information technology other hazards may include negligent workers, unsatisfied employees, data theft, documents and improper disposal of data (Blackwell 2009, p.8). In response to security threats to organizations data, organizations have implemented diverse tools to mitigate and contain those threats through approaches such as passwords, encryption, firewalls, access-control lists, engagement traffic monitoring, system audits, and patch management. However, despite this arsenal, organizations cannot entirely impede the flow of proprietary data, confidential information, and trade secrets.An organization can frequently detect or control when an outsider (or a non-employee within the organization) attempts to access organizational data, either physically or electronically, and as such, the organization can be able to diminish the threat posed by an outsider stealing organization property. Nevertheless, the thief who can be considered harder to discover and who can render the most damage is the insider or employees who have legitimate access. Insiders embody authorized users with genuine access to corporate networks, data, and applications. Insiders include, but are not limited to, board members, employees, executives, business managers, IT cons ultants, contractors, and outsourcers. Specialists who

Agile Port System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Agile Port System - Essay ExampleOlder ports have to get into alliances and partnerships to coordinate their activities and decrease unnecessary competition. These alliances can pourboire to the creation of satellite terminals instead of the presence of several redundant old ports. This can help reduce congestion of containers at deep-sea ports and free up space for high-cost facilities in such locations. Through alliances, there can be the better exchange of information, which reduces dwell-time and improves movement (Konings, Priemus and Nijkamp, 2015). Exchange of valuable information helps in bail checks and value added logistics, and this is only achievable through partnerships for the common good of making profits. In relation to technology, fast and real-time data processing and sharing are essential for the expansion of infrastructure and superstructure. This is essential to help oneself tracking and tracing of shipments. For example, the Electronic Data Interchange infor mation system can help in recording and sharing of information across ports. Efficient coordination between terminals and inland transportation operations is applicable if older ports adopt modern web applications and systems to facilitate the dynamics of terminal handling operations. In addition, older ports should improve gate operations technology to improve processing time in gate lanes. turn of events of dedicated lanes is also essential to save time and improve functionality. In conclusion, several areas mentioned above require improvement to adapt an agile port system.

Business Environment and Organisational Purpose - Scuba diving market Essay

Business Environment and Organisational Purpose - Scuba honkytonk market in UK - Essay Examplemployees driven by organizational tutelage of creativity, quality and sustainability, the manufacturer is now recognized as one of the leading manufacturers in scuba diving equipment.Evidently, some of its products that are now widely utilize in diving spot include diving masks, snorkels, B.C.Ds and Fins. These products have been purposely designed to meet diverse needs of diving sports. The purpose of the Mares manufacturers in anchored in their strategic marketing strategy, it strives to meet the dynamic market of the diving sport and recreational needs. It envisions the growing nature of global sport coupled with the dynamism in customers taste and preference the company believe that its purpose in the market is to meet such diverse customers needs.Scuba Pro is another leader in manufacturing of diving equipment in today global market. For over fifty years, the company has continue to be ranked as one of the companies with high quality and low-priced diving equipment. In addition, their products, branding in the marketing has been incredible in giving them an edge in the competitive market. Driving by their mission of befitting an innovative hub in diving equipment, the manufacturer has produced regulators, dive computers, wetsuits and much more equipment to meet the dynamic diving market. The employees contribution to the overall success throughout its organism has been incredible.It will go down in diving sports history that Scubapro was the first creative producer of a computer radio transmitter that measures the tank stuff through wireless technology. In addition, the equipment allows for measurement of heart parameters. The manufacturer stabilizing jacket monitors buoyancy. In line with the purpose of this company, creativity and innovation in diving equipment has been an important marketing platform.The company purpose is to introduce innovation and crea tivity into the diving equipment designs in order to enhance the equipment efficiency in

General Electric's Joint Ventures Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

usual Electrics Joint Ventures - Case Study ExampleAs opposed to fit imagines where coadjutor companies have significant power in making strategic decisions, acquisitions allow companies to have full control of management and resources (Hill, 2011). The preference for acquisitions by General Electric also resulted to the congruency of this strategy to its parentage philosophy. However with the changing business environment, the company has shifted to joint ventures as an entry mode into foreign markets.In the new-fashioned past, General Electric has preferred joint ventures as a strategy for entry into foreign markets. This is because of the bids for acquisitions have skyrocketed. With the 20082009 economic crises, the company would no longer open up risking spending large capital in bidding for acquisitions. As a result, General Electric feared that it could overpay for acquisitions which would cripple its economic position which was already unnatural by the 2008-2009 econom ic crisis. In addition, on that point are many companies with which General Electric would form joint ventures. Through joint ventures companies benefit from local business relationships, local expertise, political contacts and an already established market (Hill, 2011).Even though joint ventures provide an effective way through which companies share business risks, there are other risks associated with this mode of entry. These risks include possible changes in political and legal environment which would act out of favor with foreign companies. Additionally, the power that partner companies have in the process of making strategic positions would be overused. Additionally, the objectives of business partners may not be congruent in a joint venture (Hill, 2011). Furthermore, cultural differences and divergent management styles among partners in joint ventures are risks which would cause failure of success in the partnership. In

Aspectual evaluation of IS in use Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Aspectual rating of IS in use - Essay ExampleSince it is a flash presentation, it can as well as be put on a website and made available to general public for their interest. Aspectual Evaluation In drift to perform aspectual evaluation for this presentation, 4 subjects have been used , which atomic number 18 - My sister, who hate smokers, - My brother, who smokes occasionally, - My father, who is in his 50s and, - My friend, who is a chain smoker Quantitative aspect The presentation provides information to its viewer not only through text but also images and animations. The main prove of the presentation allows user to access 5 different areas which are Story, Facts, Quitting, Gallery and Credits. on that point is also a Home button which takes the viewer back to the main screen. Upon clicking on Story link, the story of Smokey the smoker is told and Smokey is shown smoking at different places. Upon clicking on the fact button, various facts related to smoking and how it is haz ardous to the human body and the environment are shown. The Quitting button shows information and links which are helpful to those who are considering or are in the process of quitting their smoking habit. The Gallery section present users with information in pictures with some revealing images comparing body experimental condition of smokers and nonsmokers. All the people who were shown this presentation liked it very much. They found it easy to navigation due to simple navigation buttons on the main screen and a clearly visible Home button. My friend and my brother were particularly interested in the Gallery section, as they found the images impressive and with a clear sum (University of Salford, UK, 2008). Spatial Aspect As the presentation is in Adobe Flash format, it is not only easy to view but also easy to store. The turn on size of the presentation is less than 1 MB. It can be easily uploaded to a website using any internet connection available today. The presentation has been unbroken at a low resolution so it doesnt take up much screen space. It was equally enjoyable on my laptop when viewed by my friend and brother, as well as on my TV when I showed it to my sister and father. Kinematic Aspect The presentation allows it viewers to get a significant heart of information related to smoking and its hazardous through a single point, so they do not have to attend different seminars or lectures. wholly my sister and father were required to move to my room in order to view the presentation. Both my friend and my brother viewed it on my laptop when I took it to their several(prenominal) rooms. Physical Aspect This presentation does not have significant physical Aspect. This presentation require negligible amount of energy to view and understand. In order to view the presentation, the viewer does have to double click on the presentation file to launch it. It does not put load on computer screen or any other computer resource apart from taking some comp uter cycles required to process the image rendering and animation. It only exists as a magnetic pattern on a metallic platter of a disk drive in a physical world. Biotic/ thoroughgoing Aspect By viewing the presentations, all iv subjects went through different emotions which brought about different biological changes. When viewing Smokeys animation all four people were really entertained by it , thus changing their feeling to happiness which was evident from their faces. Browsing through Gallery images

English Composition Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

English Composition - Personal Statement ExampleThe lessons were not my favorite donation of my day, but I soon fond my skills developing and that my piano vie was actually improving. I decide to keep playing until I entered the 6th grade, and indeed I completely lost all interest. I had never chosen the instrument for myself, and I did not want to continue playing. However, the skills that I had learned playing piano would further help me in my attachment to practice of medicine throughout the next a couple of(prenominal) years.My next major step into the musical world would be a few years later when I decided to learn the tuba. It appealed to me, and it was something that I decided I wanted to do. I quickly became proficient at the instrument, as I already had the musical skills of reading music and counting that many students had to being to learn. Since I had already has these skills mastered fro playing the piano, I was fit to start right away at learning how to play the t uba, instead of worrying about learning the simple basis of music.It was also around this clipping that the music I was listening to around me began to impact my life. I began listening to various types of music I had never experienced before, and it greatly changed who I was as a person. I began to expand my musical horizons , and began to see just how important music has been to me so far. I found my favorite band during this period, and their influence on my whole life could never be under estimated. As I began to grow musically however, I started to see a rift opening betwixt what I was learning to play on tuba and what I was listening to. The classical pieces that I was playing on tuba did not line up well with the rock and contemporary music I as listening to, and I began to see myself drift away from the older, classical, types of music.I performed in many aviate festivals for tuba, and did well in all of them. However, it was not until I found one piece, a super contempo rary piece composed for solo tuba, that I began to really play. It was a piece that had no classical melody or older ideas, it was a new breathe of fresh air into my solo repertoire. It was a piece that even my teacher said I wouldnt be adequate to(p) to learn to play in time, but I was determined to learn it and master it to the exceed of my ability.And for a month I did little else beside practice the hell out of that solo. I practiced every free second I had, and ended up expanding my range to notes I had never even though of hitting before. My ability as a player greatly improved, and I found myself combining my chicane of rock-esque music and tuba playing coming together for perhaps the first time. Music has always been important to me, and my tuba playing is just the start. A few years later I decided to take up acoustic guitar for fun, and while I am not technically amazing, I have been able to write songs on it. It gives me a chance to express myself that I cannot do thro ugh any other means, and it is just a fun part of my life. I still play both tuba and guitar, and hope one day to possibly combine my love and ability to play both into some signifier of band. And it would probably be a band that would be a sound unlike anything ever heard. Music has changed who I am, and for most of my life has shaped the degree of my future. I would not be where I was today if it wasnt for the help, lessons that music has taught me and the influenced that music of all kids has had on my life. I would encourage everyone to take some sort of music lesson and to give their

Choose one topic from the five questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Choose one topic from the five questions - Essay ExampleIn addition, citizens in areas of China that were especially vulnerable to droughts and famine would have gate to food in times of distress (De Barry and tiptop 623-624 Lecture Notes). Ever-Normal-Granaries in Practice The earliest regulatory framework implemented for the Ever-Normal-Granaries under the imperial government, needful the construction of state storage facilities in each county. The granaries were under the management of local authorities. Storage capacity and grain actually stored were commensurate with population sizes. For example, a heavily populated county would store more bushels of grain than a county with a relatively smaller population. At the end of the fall harvest, grain could be purchased in counties where the bell of grain was lower and therefore supplies were higher. In order to safeguard against the natural destruction of the grain, a predetermined amount of grain was put on the market at a lower price and subsequently replaced (De Barry and inflorescence 624 Lecture Notes). In regions where agriculture was by far the most important and peradventure the only source of food and economics, additional measures were taken. Grain was used to subsidize loans to peasant farmers who experienced a shortage in food and grain seeds (De Barry and Bloom 624-625 Lecture Notes). In other words, the collateral for a loan was the promise by the debtor of a specific quota in grain production at some time in the future. To this end, the Ever-Normal-Granaries in practice, was a system intended to keep the masses in food supply as a way of providing an incentive and a relief fund, for the production of grain. A charitable granary was also established pursuant to the Zhu Xis Neo-Confucian school of thought (De Barry and Bloom 748). This neo-Confucian philosophy emphasized the duty of the wealthy to contribute toward the welfare of the poor and was thus a strategy for the alleviation of pover ty. During good harvest times, all cities were required to cross out up charitable granaries. Farmers were expected to make contributions of rice and wheat commensurate with their crop and store the rice and wheat in the charitable granary. City officials were answerable for collecting the grain donations and in lean times were required to make the grain available to those who needed it the most, but could not afford to pay for it (De Barry and Bloom 748). The Logic of the Ever-Normal-Granaries According to De Barry and Bloom, the Ever-Normal-Granaries was designed to ensure the fair distribution of the countrys food supplies (624). For example, if a county with approximately 10,000 families had 1,000 bushels of grain stored and put those stored grains to market when prices increased, the price of grain would become stabilized. Logically, when grain prices are stable, there is enough grain for everyone. As De Barry and Bloom explain There is no hoarding of grain by some while othe rs beg for food, no pursuing and pressing by the headman of the village to make people pay back their loans (624). The logic of the Ever-Normal-Granaries was not merely informed by the need to alleviate poverty. The logic of the Ever-Normal-Granaries was also informed by moral reasoning. According to Mencius, one of the first important Confucius followers, the spring chicken tended to behave themselves during the good years and were more inclined

Homeland Security Preparedness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Homeland Security Preparedness - Essay ExampleThe voice of state and local governments as well as the nations first responder community has been viewed largely as providing quick reaction and consequence mitigation to every attacks that occur despite the best effort of the federal system to prevent it...In fact, this image is not correct local governments must do a outstanding deal more than prepare for the consequence management role. In particular, they must also pay a great deal of attention to prevention efforts. To assignment they have not done nearly enough in this regard (OHanlon, 2005). OHanlon recommends that state and local governments can be first responders in all arenas. The Governors section should make sure that there is a dedicated anti-terrorism task persuasiveness at the state level, and any sufficiently large cities should have an anti-terrorism task force operating out of a major crimes unit. Local mis discourse and planning was part of the slow response to 9/11. According to the 9/11 Commission Report, A generic fledge plan prepared to get the aircraft airborne and out of local airspace quickly incorrectly led the Langley fighters to believe they were ordered to fly due east... for 60 miles... the lead pilot and local FAA controller incorrectly assumed the flight plan instruction to go 090 for 60 superseded the original scramble order (p. 27). Inadequate protocols for communication and coordination between local, state and federal authorities can have lethal consequences. Similarly, the FBIs limited terrorism response pre-9/11 was due to their being tied besides closely with state and local agencies such that they were only interested in pursuing the needs of state and local areas such as organized crime and white-collar offenses (p. 74). OHanlon notes that state governments do not have to do everything and be everywhere. it is not necessary to equip all three million first responders in the United States with state of the art che mical protective gear or practical communications systems. Equipping specialized teams within each major legal power with such capabilities, and creating several mobile communications headquarters with interoperable technology, are less expensive and more quickly doable propositions. It is not necessary that every firemans radio can talk to every police officers radio a certain number of mobile interoperable communications vans that can be quickly deployed to a problem site are a more cost-effective solution. They can allow quick coordination and cross-communication by dint of the squad or team leaders of each type of organization (that would have been enough to save many firefighters on September 11, 2001 in invigorated York). A large city could purchase several dozen, at $1 million each, for a reasonable cost of several tens of millions of dollars (OHanlon, 2005). The Governors Office should follow this approach. darn all EMS and medical responders, police units, hospitals and other state agencies do not need to have extensive anti-terror preparation, specialized units should and should have access to top-of-the line gear. As OHanlon illustrates, doing so not only is cost-effective but in any respect is often fungible to every day operations Communications vans same the one above can also be used in major crimes like bank robberies. OHanlon recommends $5 billion

Ratan Tata Essay Example for Free

Ratan Tata EssayLand Rover might present an plain more daunting challenge for Ratan Tata. It would be an uphill climb to restore Jaguars luxury cachet, which was damaged by sharing canonical designs with Ford. As the organization gets bigger and more diverse, talent and retaining the value system volition pose the biggest challenge in Tata Group (Engardio and Lakshman 2007) 2. 2 Long termination Succession is a problem. Ratan Tata is 69 years old, non married and has two dogs at his beachfront home he designed himself. He commands closely Tata companies, which makes his failure to designate a successor all the more disconcerting. In Asian culture, the eldest son will take over the family course, however Tata is not married therefore he does not have any family members to take over his empire. Ratan, who is single and childless, could be the last Tata to oversee the group. His younger brother and triple half-sisters arent involved in Tata business his reclusive half-brothe r is unclear whether hes tycoon timber (Engardio and Lakshman 2007).Ratan Tata public listed his companies, which also heart and soul his empire will still be ongoing after his departure. However, by public listing it, Tata is afraid he might lose control of his business and being so power-oriented, he dislikes his business to be controlled by others. Slimming the group down is also another problem Tata encountered. He set out to concentrate scores of companies to just a dozen but have not succeeded, with nearly 100 companies with 300 subsidiaries in 40 businesses. Being a rabid promoter of CSR could also be a problem.Tata Steel spends millions annually on education, health and agricultural development projects in 800 nearby villages. Such generosity will be put to the test now that Tata owns struggling Corus, with $7. 4 billion in debt and absorbing Corus higher-cost operations will weaken margins. Tata were unable to give guarantees to Corus workers that they will remain compet itive and jobs will not be cut. Tata were also slammed with difficulties in translating principles into the British and European context (Engardio and Lakshman 2007).

Supporting the Commander’s Leadership Philosophy Essay Example for Free

Supporting the Commanders Leadership Philosophy EssayThis thesis leave alone cover the Support of the Commanders Leadership Philosophy, assertion humour, strategies, and the role of the gunnery sergeants importance in the execution of the Commanders lead philosophy for maritime Fighter Attack Squadron 214, Marine corps Base Quantico, Virginia. We feel that the look across climate at this building block is good. The three strategies that we will use to discuss this will be communication, training and leadership and how Coperni butt joint they atomic number 18 in order to establish an effective and productive environment. We will also discuss how the gunnery sergeants important role is the key to ensuring that these strategies are well executed. The process used in analyzing this units command climate was done the assistance of the Commanders Leadership Philosophy, blotter, and miscellaneous command photos. Command mood The assessment of the unit is good within the Comm anders philosophy. The Commanders policy will have more of a significant agitate in the command. The Commander stands by his policy by being a band of brothers.He has done a good job qualification it turn over around upholding our traditions as Staff Non Commissioned Officers (SNCO) and Non Commissioned Officers (NCO). The Responsibilities, Leadership, and Core Values are what the Marine Corps is about. By following theses values and the Commanders philosophy the command should be able to carry on the mission and goals set before the Squadron. Commanders Philosophy of Leadership The Commanders expectations for the Squadron as a whole is Teamwork, Leadership, and Communication.According to base hides they have less than 10 percent of incidents within the Squadron. Thats what team work is about taking caring for individually other. Taking time to get to know youre Marines. One person is not stronger than a team. This plays a big part with all(prenominal) Marine in the unit push ing for success. The leadership is a key role, Honesty is the best policy, and a college degree does not make you a leader. Any Marine can be a leader for the mission to be successful we need loyalty and core values.By the command climate survey showing that the unit takes care of each other, this is another step to success. Communication the near important part of the Commanders philosophy. This is what holds all of the Commanders three quarrel together (Team work, Leadership, and Communication). Keeping lines open are very important. Knowing whats being said in sees, passing the word down to the Marines and making accredited they understand what is going on. Our SNCOs and NCOs are essential to this action. Any delay with this action will create problems within the unit.The Commander has an open gateway policy, but the Marines will utilize the chain of command. With the command policy in place the unit should have no problems achieving their mission of success. Strategies to C reate/Foster peremptory Command Climate As part of ensuring the command climate stays positive and even further improve, the following are three strategies formulated in order to define and implement the commanding officers mountain and expectations from his squadron Communication Leaders must be able to clearly express the commanders vision and expectations to their Marines.They must dedicate the time necessary to check up on that their Marines have a full understanding of commanders intent, mission, and how they are to contribute to the squadrons success. The senior Leadership will facilitate the clear communication of such by means of more everyday interactions with their subordinate Marines and get feedback to guarantee that the vision and expectations of the commander are understood. The Noncommissioned officers (NCO), on the other hand, should provide the identical to their junior Marines and ensure the same feedback is received.Training Senior leadership will ensure an NCO master Military Education (PME) is conducted once a month to discuss small-unit leadership, by means of guided discussions on core values and how they relate to their daily operations on and off-duty and to their surroundings. A junior PME is also to be conducted once a month and should be guided by an NCO, to discuss the same issues. Also, sensual training (PT) will be held at the squadron level on Fridays and from Mondays through Thursdays on the smaller unit levels.This ensures consistency in PT, but at the same time suffers Marines to take advantage of regular weekend liberty, vice conducting PT events on Saturdays. Leadership As part of leadership, the mentoring program must be utilize across the squadron as a great tool to counsel, coach, look after the welfare of, and ensure Marines accomplish the mission in support of commanders vision and expectations of teamwork, leadership, and communication. Also, a Values-Based Leadership Integration (VBLI) program will be inco rporated into small-unit leadership.The VBLI is a good tool in that it improves communication skills of each Marine during a guided discussion as well as builds and sustains trust and loyalty between subordinates and leaders. Overall, making ever Marine relate better to the commanders vision and expectations. Gunnery Sergeants Importance As the Comp any Gunnery Sergeant for VMF 214, my main responsibility is, to ensure that the strategies developed to improved command climate aboard VMF 214 are planned and executed properly to ensure maximum success.Communication among the SNCOs will be crucial in order for these strategies to work. Before making any changes, as the Company Gunnery Sergeant, my initial task will be to hold a meeting for SNCOs. The purpose of this meeting will be to ensure that all SNCOs understand and can clearly articulate our Commanders vision and expectations to our junior Marines. This will not only help us bring off the I assumed factor out of the equation, bu t it will show our junior Marines that we know what we are talking about, that we have a plan to turn the situation, and that we will lead them to success.To improve communication in the command will be the first agenda, there will be a staff meeting once a week for all SNCOIC in the command conference room. We will use this opportunity to discuss the progress of our strategies and any other issues some the command. The NCOs will be require to sit down with their junior Marines once a week as well, before they sit down with their SNCOs. This will allow our young leaders the opportunity to develop their leadership skills by mentoring the junior Marines on the things accomplished in their sections and in the command on a each week basis.All Squadron safety briefs will be reviewed by the Company Gunnery Sergeant for accuracy and relevance to the topics we want to focus on. Before the start of any holiday weekend, all SNCOICs will be required to submit a vehicle inspection checklist on all their Marines. I expect the NCOs to perform most of the vehicle inspections, but I also expect the SNCOs to be involved in this process. The goal is to ensure our Marines safety, so they can enjoy their liberty and income tax return to work ready to accomplish bigger and better things for the command.The training is our Second agenda and the training section (S-3) will provide the Company Gunnery Sergeant with a list of Marines names that need to complete their resident PME. Those Marines will get that information passed down from the Company Gunnery Sergeant with school dates. In return, those Marines will be required to respond NLT close of business 3 April 2012, with the date of the course they choose to attend, or a valid response on why they are unable to attend during fiscal year 2012.Physical training (PT) will be conducted at the squadron level on Fridays and at the section level Monday through Thursday. We will add cross-training in all levels of the squadron to be done periodically, to improve proficiency of Marines, ensuring they are trained to handle their respective duties and those of others in case the latter(prenominal) are out of the office due to Temporary Active Duty, leave or liberty, and Personnel change of duty. Last but not the least, there will be a command field meet the last week in August.This can infuse Marines with camaraderie and teamwork and foster esprit de corps. We will be implementing the Professional Reading Program for all sections. SNCOs will be required to build a folder for all Marines in their section to include themselves the No later Than (NLT) date will be 3 April 2012. By this date, all NCOs will be counsel by their SNCOs and all NCOs will counsel the junior Marines on the commanders vision and expectations for all Marines belonging to VMF 214.Furthermore, as part of the check in process, all Marines checking in to the command will be required to write a one page essay explaining what they understand about the commanders philosophy. This can be submitted to their SNCOs NLT one week after checking in to the command. As part of the Professional Reading Program, every Marine will be required to submit at least one book report to the Sergeant Major or senior leadership.Finally, our leadership will show strong in these few ways, at the conclusion of weekly section PT, every other Thursday session a Valued-based Leadership Integration session will go. A SNCO will lead that section on a chosen VBLI that can cover work or life. The mentoring program will be fine tuned and we will ensure that every Marine has a folder with stop information in it. All Marines will have a mentor to help with life events or skills training and all safety documents for TAD or other wise to include holiday routines will be logged in this folder.It will be the SNCOs to assist the younger Marines that will be in the leadership position of a Mentor. The squadron will implement Hails and Farewells and will be conduc ted every month to introduce new Marines to the squadron and to recognize achievements and say farewell to departing Marines. Conclusion In conclusion, we discussed how important it is to have an effective command climate and that all strategies must be imposed for a command climate to have successful results.We talked about having effective communication and how important it is for a unit to understand the commanders intent, how conducting adequate training will promote core values and how leadership is the glue that holds the trust and loyalty between subordinates and leaders. We also discussed how the gunnery sergeants importance is an additional key to success and in the end, the Support of the Commanders Leadership Philosophy, positive command climate that was evident in Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 214, strategies, and the role of the gunnery sergeants importance is essential for the propitiation and the development for the Squadron.

Women in the Civil War Essay Example for Free

Wo custody in the Civil War EssayIn American society during the 19th Century, men and women occupied different terra firmas. Women dealt with private affairs, while men were in charge of customary matters. When the Civil War broke out, the rigid distinction between the sexes became flexible. Women changed because the struggle allowed them to expand their roles to become active in the trustworthym that previously isolated them. From housewives, women became doctors, nurses, and spies. Some even did the extreme they assumed a masculine popance to join the troops. The concealment of their gender proved to be the downside of the changes in women during the war.They may have had relevant contributions in the war, but it was left unrecognized because of its concealed nature. The Civil War was a defining moment in American history. It was the event which determined the fate of the nation as the American community was divided into two opposing sides. It was also a time of probat ive societal change. The realm of war previously belonged to the men it was the male soldiers who fought in the battlefields. However, the Civil War altered the situation. The status of women dramatically changed as they became active participants in the war effort.Indeed, the Civil War opened many opportunities for women and allowed them to be active members of society. This research paper aims to discuss how women changed during the American Civil War, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of the verbalize changes. In the 19th Century America, men dominated society and women were regarded as inferior to them. Women lived under the authority of the opposite sex, either that of the father, husband or other relative (Massey, 1994). They were confined in the domestic sphere their main concerns were their home and family.Women had no voice in the political arena because only the men had dealt with public affairs. Not only was it objectionable for women to fulfill mens jobs, it was also disagreeable for them to wear mens clothes (Eggleston, 2003). When the Civil War began, the tender lines were blurred. Women suddenly were presented the chance to go beyond their realm and move into in the world of men. They were given roles and jobs that were not accessible to them before. Both the sum total and the Confederacy allowed women to follow part in the war effort.For the first time, the government allowed women to become doctors and nurses (Eggleston, 2003). Women also served as messengers and spies. Meanwhile, there are also those women whose contributions were domestic in nature these take cooking, as well as mending and sewing uniforms for the soldiers (Eggleston, 2003 Silber, 2005). These activities may have been the comparable as those women were tasked to do in the past however, there was a significant change. Before, women only did those jobs due to the necessity in the household. During the war, the women did those jobs due to the necessity of the nation.Their domestic activities were no longer performed for private purposes they had become part of the public affairs. However, women were not further passive participants. They were also directly involved in the war effort as soldiers. The battlefield was reserved for males, but the females eventually found themselves fighting the same war. Women became soldiers by concealing their real identities (Eggleston, 2003). There were many reasons why women opted to disguise themselves as male soldiers. There were those who fought in the war to either escape from their engagement or to be with their loved ones.Some saw the war as an adventure and craved its excitement. There were others who saw fighting for its financial benefits and the opportunity to let out provide for their families. Meanwhile, there were women who took part in the Civil War for more noble reasons they went to war because they were compelled by duty and patriotism (Eggleston, 2003). Women had to resort to extre me measures to appear like male soldiers. There were women who were immediately discharged because the way they acted revealed their real identities (Eggleston, 2003).Meanwhile, there were women who dramatically changed their actions and behavior before enlistment to successfully disguise themselves. They modified the color of their complexion and learned how to chew tobacco. They used vests with pads to conceal their breasts the pads also made them seem more bulky and masculine (Eggleston, 2003). Having women disguised as men in war had its share of difficulties. The problems arose from the different toilet habits as well as other personal routines (Eggleston, 2003). Nonetheless, the recruitment of young men in the army proved to be advantageous for the female soldiers.The army consisted mostly of boys, who were still shy and reserved around each other. Most of them were hesitant to relieve themselves in the company of other soldiers to attend their toilet needs, they had to hide in the woods or others areas which offered privacy. The meek nature of young men was beneficial for the female soldiers because it allowed them to attempt privacy without appearing unusual. In addition, the young men of the army have not yet started shaving, so it did not appear unusual for the females if they did not grazing (Eggleston, 2003).It is remarkable that women have finally reached the public realm during the Civil War, even if they had to pretend as men to do so. However, that kind of participation had disadvantages. Women who had successfully unbroken their real identities hidden as part of the army suffered all the difficulties which came with war (Eggleston, 2003). Female soldiers were held captive by their opponents, brought to prison camps and killed in the battlefields. There were those who perished and buried without their real identities discovered.Because women soldiers were not supposed to be fighting in the war, their participation in the war was previously not acknowledged. There were even those who denied the direct involvement of women as soldiers (Blanton, n. d. ). The non-recognition of women fighters in the Civil War prevented the discovery of the total number of female soldiers who offered their services. The numbers available on record are merely estimates. This situation posited a real problem, as it undermined and ignored the contributions of women in the battlefield.During the American Civil War, women changed because they went beyond the roles that were initialed assigned to them. The war effort presented them to enter the public realm of men and participate in it. Women had indeed changed during that time, as they progressed from housewives to participants in war. Women even came in disguise to become soldiers. While it is a great thing that women became active members of the community, some of their contributions were not recognized or accurately recorded because of their secret identities. Nonetheless, this does not dimi nish that fact that women were a significant part of the American Civil War.References Blanton, D. (n. d. ). Women soldiers and nurses of the American civil war. American Civil War Website. Retrieved March 13, 2009, from http//americancivilwar. com/women/index. html Eggleston, L. G. (2003). Women in the Civil War Extraordinary Stories of Soldiers, Spies, Nurses, Doctors, Crusaders and Others. North Carolina McFarland. Massey, M. E. (1994). Women in the Civil War. Nebraska University of Nebraska Press. Siber, N. (2005). Daughters of the Union Northern Women Fight the Civil War. Cambridge, Massachusetts Harvard University Press.

Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL) Origin and Features

Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL) Origin and FeaturesLeandri VenteruMid- African Rift Is there a geographical/spatial control on the nature of volcanism in Cameroon?EssayVolcanism in Cameroon occurs mainly on the Cameroon Volcanic Line (CVL), with the largishst and most dynamical volcano being maturate Cameroon (Fitton, 1980). The CVL, representing alka decline volcanoes, draws an easy recognisable Y-shape, with volcanic centres in both the maritime and Continental sectors of the African plate (Fitton Dunlop, 1985). Consensus regarding the driving forces of these volcanoes has in so far to be reached. However, a wide variety of theories and hypotheses addressing the origin and nature of the CVL have been print everywhere the last few decades.The CVL is a 1600km long magmatic sequence, stretching from Pagalu Island in the Gulf of Guinea (Atlantic Ocean) to Lank Chad on the main land of Cameroon on the western African continent (Druelle, Ngounouno Demaiffe, 2007). Geographically the CVL is situated almost parallel to the Benue Trough, and follows the duration of the Ngaoundr Fault (Ballentine, Lee Halliday, 1997). The northern limb of the CVL overlaps with the Chad rift, which marks the northern rift of the Benue Trough (Fitton, 1980). Although volcanism is still active along the CVL is it not a neogene frolic and has been active since the beginning of the Tertiary period. The rocks from the CVL be classified as mainly alkaline, intermediate and felsic. The felsic and basaltic lavas increase inlands towards the branches of the CVL in a volumetric ratio (Druelle, Ngounouno Demaiffe, 2007). maven of Africas largest volcanoes, turn out Cameroon, is a volcanic horst, with an approximate height of 4075m. The volcano of Mount Cameroon is the most active volcano on the CVL. The latest eruption of Mount Cameroon was in the year 2000 (Herrero-Bervera et al. 2004).Scientists tried various methods over the years in an attempt to clarify the origin and dynamics o f the CVL. During the 1980s Fitton (1980) proposed a simple example to justify the geological frolics of the CVL. Fitton (1980) noted that although there is no express for rift faulting there are signs of regional uplift of the basin. The Continental sector of the CVL is characterized by strato-volcanoes (Mount Cameroon), primeval volcanic massifs and even calderas in some areas. Collapsed plains filled by sediments, single magnetic volcanoes and flood basalts ( Ngaoundr Plateau) are also prominent on the continental sector (Nkouathio et al. 2008). The volcanism is not influenced by fractures, which existed before the volcanism in the basement (Fitton, 1980). The origin of the CVL is explained by hand of the striking relationship amid the CVL and the Benue Trough features. Fitton (1980) suggested that the CVL and the Benue Trough are superimposed by rotating one feature by 7 in relation to the other, about an axis. The axis is described to run with a north east strike into th e country of Sudan. The reason for the relative rotation of the CVL and the Benue Trough is speculated to be as a burden of the clockwise rotation of Africa (ca. 80Ma 65Ma) (Fitton, 1980). This clockwise rotation mightiness provide evidence for three features. Firstly, on the origin, the size and Y-shaped geometry of the CVL, secondly the rotation might support reason for the absence of recent volcanism in the Benue Trough. Thirdly, the rotational surmisal might provide evidence for the folding of the Benue Trough sediments. There were some speculations that the volcanism presently active in the CVL was once active in the Benue Trough. If the volcanic line had migrated from the Benue Though to its current position a systematic migration of a hot-spot is implied. Ngako et al. (2006) used remote sensing data as proposed by Moreau et al. (1987) to suggest that the relationship between stress regimes and intraplate alkaline magmatism in the CVL is controlled by lithospheric structu res.Ubangoh et al. (2005) argued that the presence of numerous recent volcanic cones and craters along the CVL is an indication of a strong geothermal gradient down the stairs the volcanic line, although there are no data that proves an increased supply of heat. By using a geochemical study on the basaltic rocks of the CVL and a K-Ar go out programme, Fitton and Dunlop (1985) searched for evidence to prove a systematic migration of the CVL volcanoes. Since the CVL is situated in such a unique geological setting, Fitton and Dunlop (1985) reasoned that they can determine the source of the CVL magmas by comparing the isotopic ratios of alkali basalts on the oceanic sector with the isotopic data of the alkali basalts on the continental sector of the volcanic line. Fitton and Dunlop have anchor that both the major element compositions as well as the isotopic ratios are in setable when comparing the oceanic and continental sectors. What the K-Ar data did prove was that four-fold volca noes were active along the line in more or less the same time period. When Ballentine, Lee and Halliday (1997) compared the ages of the oceanic sector volcanoes, they found that there is a consistency between the rotation of the Cretaceous African plate (Fitton, 1980) and the ages of the earlier exposed rocks on the islands. The ages of the early exposed lavas decrease from the continental side towards the ocean, placing Principe at 31Ma and Pagalu at 4.8Ma. The systematic age decrease of the islands support the cover plume model for the oceanic sector of the CVL, but does not include the continental sector. separate causes of volcanism, such as rift faulting and pre-existing basement fractures were at first discarded due to visitation to collect supportive evidence. The volcanoes on the ocean al-Qaida showed no changes due to the faults they passes through, thus one can assume that the source of these volcanoes are from winding-sheet processes and is not affected by structures occurring in the crust (Fitton, 1980).Research establish on the age and chemistry of the CVL basalts, indicated that the CVL is a young rift associated with the Benue Trough rather than a hot-spot trail.The depth at which a volcano is tapping its magma can be determined by the radioactive decay of helium isotopes in crustal rock (Aka, et al. 2003). Helium serves as a geochemical tracer that could be used to investigate the variety of magma over a period of time. It is generally accepted that ocean island basalts (OIB) show a wide range of 3He/4He (Zindler Hart, 1986) and that 3He/4He ratios from mid ocean ridge basalts (MORB) are provide (Graham et al. 1992a). The 3He/4He ratio of the CVL ranges from 3.05Ra to 8.31Ra. Hotspots in general have much higher 3He/4He ratios (Hilton et al. 1999). Aka et al. (2003) was the first to identify that the distribution of the 3He/4He ratios on the CVL could be due to spatial control, and suggested that the helium isotopic distribution an esse ntial characteristic of the CVL is. These findings are argued as prove that the CVL volcanoes doesnt tap their material directly from hotspots. Aka et al. (2003) is further backed up by go Fitton and Dunlop (1985) did on K-Ar dating and the consistency to the Pb-isotope model proposed by Halliday et al. (1990).The above mentioned data and the long-lasting volcanism of the CVL volcanoes supports the conclusion reached by Fitton and Dunlop (1985) that the magma driving the volcanoes on the continental sector could not originate from a deep mantel source. Therefore the CVL shows no evidence of a mantle plume in the continental sector, but rather signatures convection of the focal ratio mantle (Fitton Dunlop, 1985).206Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb isotope ratios showed a slight decrease to either sides of the volcanic line from the centred volcano, Mt. Cameroon, which lies on the lithospheric continental-oceanic boundary (COB) (Ballentine, Lee Halliday, 1997). Basalts from the COB volca noes, such as Mount Cameroon and Mount Etinde are more radiogenic with 206Pb/204Pb ratios of approximately 20.52 and 208Pb/204Pb ratios of 40.34 (Druelle, Ngounouno Demaiffe, 2007). The Pb ratios of the COB volcanoes show a strong contrast to the lower radiogenic ratios of the island volcanoes. Basalts from the island located far south from the COB, Pagalu Island, have the low 206Pb/204Pb ratio of 19.01 and a 208Pb/204Pb ratio of 38.83. The Pb isotope data proves that there occurred no consistent major change in the magma over a period of time. The Nd and Sr isotopes of the basalts from both the continental and oceanic regions are similar in composition. The resemblance of the geochemical and isotopic data between oceanic and continental basalts provide evidence that the source and composition of the magma was not influenced by the continental crust, and therefore, the magma does not originate from the lithosphere (Druelle, Ngounouno Demaiffe, 2007). The magma, as speculated by B allentine, Lee and Halliday (1997), originate from a sub-lithospheric source, because of the similar compositions of the oceanic and continental magmas. Nkouathio et al. (2008) argued that since the lavas of the entire CVL have a shallow asthensopheric mantle source a depleted MORB mantle and a metasomatosed mantle, the alkaline lavas are consistent with the asthensopheric upwelling of a hot-spot. Halliday et al. (1990) argued that the isotopic decreases could infer re-melting of an enriched mantle plume located beneath the COB. Halliday further argues that the plume possibly shifted (from its position underneath the Benue Trough) to its current location during the continental breakup between the African and South American plates as well as the rotation of the cooler lithosphere relative to the asthenosphere (Ballentine, Lee Halliday, 1997). Ballentine, Lee and Halliday (1997) do it understandably that although the isotopic data supports the mantle plume theory, the mantle plume is still a part of the explanation of a more complex volcanic setting. comminuted isotopic data demonstrated that many theories proposed in the past were too inconsistent to explain the origin of the CVL. The data includes many guiltless theories, however tho three will be mentioned. Firstly, the reactivation of the Ngaoundere fault which in turn caused the volcanism on the CVL (Moreau et al. 1987). A second classical theory involves membrane plate tectonics which produced the extensional CVL feature (Freeth, 1979). Thirdly, it is suggested that the various active volcanic centres are inconsistent with the textbook model of hotspots (Fitton Dunlop, 1985), (Ballentine, Lee Halliday, 1997).Keeping the above mentioned theories in mind, Ballentine, Lee and Halliday (1997) used a technique of inductively conjugate plasma magnetic sector multiple collector mass spectrometry (Ballentine, Lee Halliday, 1997 pp 111)to acquire new data. From the data Ballentine, Lee and Halliday (199 7) concluded that the CVL does not show a mentionable difference in Hf and Nd isotopic compositions in neither the continental margin nor in the oceanic sectors. However, a very epochal difference in Pb and Sr isotopic compositions were detected (Ballentine, Lee Halliday, 1997). The consistent Hf and Nd isotopic compositions in the ocean island basalts (OIB) are declarative mood of a similar behaviour of the Sm/Nd and Lu/Hf parent-daughter ratios in the source of the OIB (Ballentine, Lee Halliday, 1997). Further, the continental sector shows a similar Hf-isotopic chasten than the oceanic sector. Ballentine, Lee and Halliday (1997), argued that the distinct variability in the Pb isotopic composition can be explained by the recycling of the oceanic crust, since Pb and Sr have increased mobility in the oceanic lithosphere.Kamgang et al. (2008) used a more localized approach, by investigating the geochemical isotopic data of the Bamenda Mountains in Cameroon. Since the previous iso topic studies performed by Ballentine, Lee and Halliday (1997), focussed on the entire CVL, Kamgang et al. (2008) proposed a zoomed in investigation by focussing on one area of the CVL and try to explain the origin of the magma in that area. Kamgang et al. (2008) performed geochemical and geochronological studies of the mafic rocks from the Bamenda Mountains. His aim was to gain a better perspective of the composition of the CVL magma source. K-Ar dating performed on older, crust contaminated, samples of the CVL showed no systematic variation over time. However, insight on the chemical composition of the mantle source of magma is provided by the high Eu, Sr and Ba concentrations (Kamgang et al. 2008). The high concentrations are not a result of crustal contamination, because these concentrations do not correlate to the Sr and Nd isotopic compostitions or the MgO contents or the La/Nb ratios of the rocks. Kamgang et al. (2008) suggested that these high concentrations rather have to d o with the composition of the magma origin. The major element composition shows consistency with fractional crystallization processes. Sr and Nd isotopic values of the Bamenda Mountains coincide with the isotopic data published by Ballentine, Lee and Halliday in 1997. Kamgang et al. (2008) pointed out that the positive correlation coefficients observed between the Pb and Nd isotopic ratios and the negative Pb/ Sr isotopic correlation indicate either contamination by the continental crust (Ngounouno, Druelle Demaiffe, 2000) or the effect of an enriched lithospheric mantle (Rankenburg, Lassiter Brey, 2005)( Kamgang et al,2008).Structural causes of volcanism have been discarded due to failure to prove structural influences with supportive evidence. There are three main structural units present in the Pan- African basement, namely shear zones, fold zones and crush zones from which the shear zones indicating lithospheric faults stands out (Ngako et al. 2006).The volcanoes on the ocean floor show no changes due to the faults they passes through, thus one can assume that the source of these volcanoes are from mantle processes and is not affected by structures occurring in the crust (Fitton, 1980). It was also speculated that the CVL is rather a young rift associated with the Benue Trough. Nkouathio et al. (2008) suggested that the CVL is an alternating structure consisting of horsts and grabens. As a large shear zone, the CVL is structurally subdivided by a sequence of faults indicative of an alternating horst and graben system (Nkouathio et al. 2008).Considering other tectonic models, Ngako et al. (2006) suggested that the magmatism of the CVL is a complex interaction of multiple mantle plumes and fractures in the lithosphere. Ngako et al. (2006) further speculate that the complex interaction may cause the new magmatic complexes to be diagonally aligned. By expanding the study area form only the CVL to other large scale magmatic provinces on the African continent al plate, Ngako et al. (2006) tries to illustrate a complex interaction between hotspots and Precambrian faults. The aim is to provide alternative explanations to classical hotspot models. Ngako et al. (2006) used three provinces, namely the Niger- Nigeria super province (Plaeozoic to Mesozoic era), the Benue Trough (Cretaceous period) and the Cameroon Volcanic Line (Cenozoic era to present) to prove a time-space migration of the West-Central African alkaline magmatism. The ages of rocks sampled, decrease from the northern Niger- Nigeria province southwards through the Benue Trough to the CVL. The decreasing age of the plutonic provinces may suggest an interaction between tectonics and a hotspot system. Ngako et al. (2006) noted that the crustal and elastic thickness of the lithosphere on the continental sector of the CVL is unusually thin. This lithospheric thinning is argued as a position of a hotspot. Nkouathio et al. (2008) suggested that the evolution of the CVL magmas could be explained by the pattern of tectonic stresses and volcanic structures. In contradiction, Milelli, Fourel and Jaupart (2012) suggested that the Y-shape of the CVL was unaffected by plate motions and therefore implies that the magma source is attached to the continent.Geophysical surveys performed on the crust of the CVL concluded that differentiation between the Pan-African belts and neither the structural features nor the thickness of the crust is possible (Milelli, Fourel Jaupart, 2012). The crust underneath the CVL is very thin (ca. 35-39km) and the failure to distinguish between the Pan-African belts and the CVL indicates that the long period of magmatism (for approximately 70 Myr) on the CVL, has not have significant effects on the crust in the CVL region (Tokam et al. 2010). The absence of a seismic velocity anomaly at depths greater than 300km, confirm the presence of the uniform mantle transition zone (Reusch et al. 2010)(Milelli, Fourel Jaupart, 2012). Milelli, Fourel and Jaupart (2012) explored the buoyancy of the lithospheric origin, because the lithosphere is made up of depleted mantle material, relative to the asthenosphere as a basis for their experiment on lithospheric instabilities. Since the lithosphere is buoyant on the asthenosphere, the system is in equilibrium. However, if the lithosphere would experience cooling from the top, a convective instability might be triggered (Milelli, Fourel Jaupart, 2012).The latest trend is that researchers consider the CVL as a hot line tapping its resources from a sub-lithospheric mantle through openings in the lithosphere (Druelle, Ngounouno Demaiffe, 2007). Crustal uplift in both continental and oceanic areas proposed by Meyers et al. (1998) contributes to the theory of lithospheric instability proved by Milelli, Fourel and Jaupart (2012) via laboratory experiments. Milelli, Fourel and Jaupart (2012) analyze the lithospheric instability due to cooling from the crust downwards. The lithospheric instabi lity is speculated to occur within the sub-continental lithospheric mantle. The laboratory experiments performed by Milelli, Fourel and Jaupart (2012) were based on the principle that materials with a viscosity that is sovereign of temperature will react the same when cooling from either the top or the bottom was induced. A continents were created by using different viscosity fluids and fixing genuine variables. These experiments, thats been fully described and discussed by Milelli, focussed on the instabilities created at the continental margin. Milelli, Fourel and Jaupart (2012) documented that the buoyancy factor causes downwellings that eventually return to the surface. This cycle of downwellings and upwellings creates a stress regime where compressional stresses were identified at the downwellings and corresponding extentional stresses, creating rifting fractures, at the upwellings. Fracture patterns on the surface of the experimental continent formed in a combining of hexago ns and distorted squares (Milelli, Fourel Jaupart, 2012). The conclusion of these experiments serve as proof that that continental lithospheric cooling can result in the geometrical Y-shape of the CVL, independent of the size and shape of the continental mass. Further proof is presented by Druelle, Ngounouno and Demaiffe (2007) with supporting data on seismic and gravimetric surveys of the oceanic section of the CVL.